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Robinson Huron Treaty

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Robinson Huron Treaty is a treaty entered into in 1850 between First Nations and the Crown.[1]

In Anishinabek News

  • December 2013: Isadore Day stated that the commitments made under the Robinson Huron Treaty have not been upheld by the government. The implementation of the Robinson Huron Treaty is sought to ensure First Nations benefit from resource wealth in Ontario.[2]
  • September 2014: Marianna Couchie described treaties as living documents that provided rights to settlers. Premier Kathleen Wynne emphasized that future intergovernmental discussions must be founded upon this treaty.[3]
  • September 2016: A headdress worn by Chief Shabogesic during this 1850 gathering served as the model for a new headdress given to Scott McLeod.[4]
  • November 2016: The Union of Ontario Indians territory includes relatives and communities from this treaty region.[5]
  • June 2017: The treaty promised annuities that would reflect increases in wealth obtained from resources extracted from the territories. Approximately 25,000 beneficiaries receive only four dollars annually, a rate that has not increased since 1874. The territories covered by the agreement have seen massive resource extraction, including minerals from Sudbury.[6]
  • November 2017: An ongoing annuities lawsuit related to this treaty helped bring awareness to Treaties Recognition Week in 2017.[7]
  • December 2017: The agreement signed in 1850 included a clause for increasing annuities if the shared territory produced more revenue for the crown. Annuity payments for the territory have not been increased in approximately 143 years. The interpretation of the treaty's augmentation clause is the central focus of a 2017 court case involving 21 First Nations.[8]
  • December 2017: The agreement includes an escalator clause requiring the government to increase annuities if resource revenues from the territory allow for it. Twenty-one First Nations launched a lawsuit against Canada and Ontario in 2017 for failing to honor the treaty's revenue-sharing provisions. The treaty was originally negotiated in response to illegal mining activities on unceded lands along the shores of Lake Huron.[9]
  • January 2018: The treaty includes an augmentation clause requiring annuity increases if resource revenues allow for it without loss. A landmark court case was launched by twenty-one First Nations because the four-dollar annuity has not increased since 1874. The territory of this agreement covers approximately 35,700 square miles of land.[10]
  • January 2018: The treaty mapped out the land base for what is legally known as Whitefish River Indian Reserve #4. Valarie McGregor questioned if ancestors living on the land prior to the treaty could be considered citizens before boundaries were established.[11]
  • February 2018: The treaty was discussed as a foundational document for government in the Robinson Huron area. Fred Bellefeuille noted the treaty was related to copper and resource extraction.[12]
  • February 2018: The trial addresses whether Ontario must increase annuity payments based on revenues generated within the territory. Legal counsel argued that shareable revenue should be based on what the Crown ought to have collected under its treaty obligations. The province suggested that government spending on public services might offset any remaining funds to be shared under the agreement.[13]
  • February 2018: Critics argue that aerial spraying of forests has infringed upon the rights to hunt, fish, and harvest within this territory. Twenty-one Chiefs from this treaty area have expressed support for a moratorium on the use of aerial chemicals in forestry.[14]
  • May 2018: As of May 2018, a court case is addressing annuities being paid to thirty thousand First Nation beneficiaries of this treaty. The agreement was intended to share wealth from mineral resources, but community members are being paid four dollars a year. The treaty area includes North Bay and Nipissing First Nation.[15]
  • May 2018: The treaty covers approximately 35,700 square miles along the northern shores of Lake Huron. Anishinabek nations argue that the Crown failed to implement an augmentation clause intended to increase annual payments to beneficiaries. The annuity amount for beneficiaries of the treaty has remained at four dollars since 1874.[16]
  • June 2018: Legal deliberations regarding an annuity case for the treaty were held in the Superior Court of Ontario. Hearings for the treaty case took place in several locations including Thunder Bay, Garden River First Nation, and Sudbury. A Sacred Fire was kept burning during the court proceedings to support those involved in the litigation.[17]
  • June 2018: Scott McLeod stated that the signing of this treaty was followed by nearly a century of oppression and poverty for Nipissing First Nation. The treaty impacted the community's ability to maintain its own sovereign government.[18]
  • June 2018: The agreement provides an annual annuity payment of four dollars to eligible members. Under the terms of the agreement, the Nipissing First Nation Chief is presented with a Canadian flag and a Union Jack. Payments are distributed by officials from Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada during designated community events.[19]
  • June 2018: A court case is examining whether the four-dollar annuity payment specified in the agreement was intended to be frozen in time. The legal proceedings involve an augmentation clause regarding the increase of annuities if the Crown gains more revenue from the territory. The case is notable for hearing points in both Canadian Law and Anishinaabe Law.[20]
  • September 2018: The 1850 agreement includes an augmentation clause for annuities that has not seen an increase since 1874. An annual gathering regarding the treaty was held in September 2018 with the theme of renewing relations. The treaty territory covers approximately 35,700 square miles of land.[21]
  • October 2018: A panel discussed the ongoing litigation regarding the augmentation clause of the 1850 agreement. The trial process involved a collaboration between the court and First Nations to allow Elders to testify using traditional protocols. Communities have sought their fair share of resource revenues from the treaty territory since 1851.[22]
  • December 2018: Negotiated in September 1850 at Bawatang, this agreement promised that collective annuities would rise alongside resource wealth. An Ontario Superior Court justice determined that the Crown failed to honour the treaty by not increasing payments. The court rejected the argument that the Crown has sole and unfettered discretion to decide how to fulfill its obligations under this agreement.[23]
  • February 2019: Dr. Murton Stoehr noted that this treaty is being kept on one side and not on the other as of February 2019.[24]
  • March 2019: The treaty was the subject of a lecture by Alan Ojiig Corbiere at Nipissing University. Annuities related to this agreement were the subject of a court case involving expert testimony on indigenous perspectives. The agreement is linked to the historical concept of the Covenant Chain.[25]
  • May 2019: The Near North District School Board and Parry Sound High School are located within the territory covered by this treaty.[26]
  • October 2019: A legal case regarding annuities under this treaty was identified as a critical issue that federal political candidates often failed to understand.[27]
  • October 2019: The treaty includes an augmentation provision that links annuity increases to the wealth generated from the territory. The Crown has historically interpreted the treaty to limit annual payments to four dollars per person. The Robinson Huron Treaty Trial seeks to address the failure of Canada and Ontario to increase these annuities as resource revenue grew.[28]
  • October 2019: The article provides resources for educators to study the rights and text associated with this agreement.[29]
  • February 2020: A collaborative research project seeks to identify and return cultural items to the home territories of this treaty. Museum collections from this territory are being reassembled to examine historical landscape and climate changes.[30]
  • February 2020: The agreement guarantees traditional harvesting rights and exclusive land use for Anishinaabek communities while allowing for settlement and resource development. It includes a promise of annual annuities to be paid to signatories, which have not been increased since 1874. Signatories filed a legal claim in 2014 against Canada and Ontario for failing to uphold the annuity provisions of the agreement.[31]
  • March 2020: Individuals working on repatriation within this treaty area reported sensing the approval of their ancestors.[32]
  • June 2020: The treaty includes a promise to increase annual annuities based on resource revenues, which have remained at four dollars for over 150 years. A 2020 court ruling found that the Crown has a mandatory obligation to increase these payments when economic circumstances allow. The agreement was intended to ensure peaceful co-existence and is considered part of the constitutional fabric of Canada.[33]
  • July 2020: The treaty contains a unique augmentation clause requiring annuities to be increased if resource revenues permit. Annuity payments under the agreement have remained at four dollars per year for over 150 years. A court ruling affirmed that the agreement was intended to reflect the value of the territories in the annuities.[34]
  • September 2020: The 170th anniversary of the original signing of this treaty was marked by a ceremony in September 2020. The Robinson Huron Waawiindaamaagewin works to ensure that Canada and Ontario respect the inherent rights established under this agreement.[35]
  • December 2020: A legal challenge regarding the treaty sought to have the court recognize the perspective of the Anishinabek who negotiated the agreement. The first phase of the trial resulted in a judgement that favoured the Anishinabek position based on historical and cultural evidence. The litigation involves multiple stages, with the third trial focusing on compensation and reconciliation with the Crown.[36]
  • March 2021: Batchewana First Nation stated that their relationship with the Crown should be defined by the implementation and their interpretation of this agreement.[37]
  • May 2021: The treaty includes an augmentation clause regarding the increase of annuities based on resource wealth generated from the land. Counsel for the Anishinabek argued the treaty was based on the Covenant Chain relationship of ongoing negotiation. The agreement specifies that annuities would not exceed four dollars per person unless the Queen ordered a further sum.[38]
  • May 2021: Indigenous leaders argued that Canada is ignoring its commitments under this agreement while upholding a 1977 pipeline treaty. The treaty territory includes communities that rely on Lake Huron for water, fishing, and ceremony.[39]
  • May 2021: The treaty is the subject of the Restoule litigation regarding the failure of Ontario and Canada to live up to treaty promises. The Robinson Huron Treaty Litigation Fund represents 21 Anishinaabe First Nations in legal matters related to this treaty.[40]
  • May 2021: The Government of Canada breached provisions of this treaty by mismanaging funds from a 1908 timber surrender. Dokis First Nation became a signatory to this treaty in 1850.[41]
  • June 2021: Legal proceedings regarding the Robinson Huron Treaty reached an appeal stage after Ontario challenged findings for the Anishinabek. The trial addresses whether the Robinson Huron Treaty requires the Crown to share resource revenues with the Anishinabek through increased annuities. A letter in the Manitoulin Expositor claimed that the Robinson Huron Treaty was a one-time payment deal with no revenue-sharing.[42]
  • October 2021: The 1850 agreement included an augmentation clause requiring the Crown to increase annuities as resource revenue from the territory grew. The annuity amount for beneficiaries of the Robinson Huron Treaty was last increased in 1874 to four dollars. The 21 First Nations involved in the Robinson Huron Treaty are seeking a negotiated settlement regarding treaty responsibilities.[43]
  • April 2022: The treaty signatories intended for annuities to increase as resource revenue profits grew. Leadership from this treaty area initiated discussions for the current litigation in the 1970s. The government of Ontario agreed in April 2022 to negotiate a settlement regarding this treaty's annuities.[44]
  • May 2022: Leadership sought to renew the relationship and reach an agreement on the future implementation of this agreement in May 2022. As of May 2022, the Robinson Huron Treaty Litigation Fund is involved in a legal case regarding the treaty's annuity provisions.[45]
  • May 2022: The Robinson Huron Treaty Litigation Fund sought a commitment from Ontario politicians in 2022 to resolve an ongoing legal case regarding treaty annuities. Courts have encouraged a negotiated settlement between the Crown and the First Nations involved in this agreement.[46]
  • June 2022: Nipissing First Nation is part of this treaty, which covers the land where the Moose Hide Campaign teachings took place.[47]
  • July 2022: A new billboard was unveiled on June 27, 2022, to mark the territory of the 1850 agreement. The territory spans from Penetanguishene to the watershed near Timmins and along the Lake Superior shoreline toward Sault Ste. Marie. Twenty-one First Nations are involved in an annuities claim related to this agreement that is coming before the court.[48]
  • September 2022: The North Shore Tribal Council provides services to communities located within this traditional territory.[49]
  • November 2022: The new services at the Thessalon First Nation Bio-Centre are intended to serve all Indigenous people within this treaty area.[50]
  • December 2022: The treaty includes a payment rate that has been stuck at an 1875 level despite increasing revenues. A historic meeting between ministers and chiefs in December 2022 observed original protocols not used in this context since 1850. Traditional practices, including sacred fires and sweat lodges, have been integrated into the modern legal process regarding this agreement.[51]
  • December 2022: A satirical letter to Anishanta requested a trillion toonies to cover the overdue increase in Robinson Huron Treaty annuities.[52]
  • January 2023: The 1850 agreement included provisions for annuity payments to be increased as resource revenues from the territory grew. A legal claim initiated in 2017 argues that Canada and Ontario failed to properly augment these payments since 1874. The treaty was negotiated at Bawating and established a relationship intended to include annual meetings between the parties.[53]
  • January 2023: The treaty relationship has lacked regular diplomatic engagement and proper economic payments for over 170 years. A settlement for this treaty could create a precedent for communities under the Robinson Superior Treaty. The legal principle of the Covenant Chain was intended to guide the relationship established by this agreement.[54]
  • April 2023: The treaty was signed in 1850 by Shawenekezhik on behalf of Atikameksheng Anishnawbek. The 2023 Aki-eh Dibinwewziwin partnership operates within the territory defined by this agreement. Atikameksheng Anishnawbek is seeking to rectify the alienation of land promised to them under this treaty through the Ontario Superior Court.[55]
  • April 2023: The Ontario Court of Appeal upheld a ruling that there is a mandatory obligation to increase collective annuities under this agreement when economic circumstances warrant. Legal proceedings regarding the treaty's escalator clause were successful in two stages, with the third stage adjourned for negotiations as of April 2023. The 21 First Nation signatories are seeking a settlement outside of the court system regarding the annuity payments.[56]
  • May 2023: Robinson Huron Waawiindamaagewin represents the 21 First Nations that are part of this treaty. Leaders argue that delegating rights to the Métis Nation of Ontario within this territory violates the promises made in the treaty. Research commissioned by treaty leaders disputes the presence of historic Métis communities within this specific territory.[57]
  • May 2023: The proposed Darien Aggregates quarry site is located within the territory covered by this treaty.[58]
  • June 2023: The Anishinabek Police Service provides essential policing services to communities located within this treaty territory.[59]
  • June 2023: The 1850 agreement included a promise that collective annuities would increase as resource revenues within the territory grew. Annuities under the agreement rose only once in 1875, increasing from approximately $1.70 to $4 per person. In 2018, the Ontario Superior Court ruled that the Crown must increase these payments to reflect net resource revenue.[60]
  • June 2023: The Government of Canada and Ontario agreed to a $10 billion settlement for past losses because the Crown breached treaty promises for 173 years. The agreement involves 21 First Nations communities whose members have been socially and economically marginalized while resources were extracted from their lands. The annual treaty annuity of $4 paid to 21,000 beneficiaries has remained unchanged despite the vast mineral and timber wealth taken from the territory.[61]
  • June 2023: The treaty includes a provision for increasing annuities based on resource revenues that has not been honored for over 170 years. A proposed settlement aims to provide $10 billion in compensation for past underpayments to the treaty's signatory nations. Future negotiations are expected to address increasing the current four-dollar annual payment for individual members.[62]
  • August 2023: The planned expansion of Highway 69 is located within this treaty territory. Several First Nations within this territory own the construction firm Shwe Miikaan.[63]
  • September 2023: The agreement was signed on September 9, 1850, a date significant to people on the north shores of Lake Huron and Lake Superior. A proposed $10 billion settlement was announced in June 2023 to compensate for the failure to increase collective annuities as resource revenues grew. The annuity provided by the agreement only increased once in 1875, rising from approximately $1.70 to $4 per person.[64]
  • November 2023: The treaty contains an augmentation promise that is the central focus of the Robinson Huron Annuities Case.[65]
  • November 2023: The treaty contains an augmentation clause regarding annuity payments that is the subject of a long-running legal dispute. A proposed settlement of $10 billion for past compensation related to this agreement was announced in June 2023.[66]
  • November 2023: A proposed $10 billion settlement for past compensation regarding treaty annuities was announced in June 2023. A court decision regarding this treaty incorporated Anishinaabe legal principles to understand the common intention of the parties.[67]
  • April 2024: The treaty territory is the focus of a repatriation project involving stolen ancestors held in Chicago.[68]
  • July 2024: The Supreme Court of Canada upheld a ten billion dollar settlement reached by the treaty's beneficiaries for past annuity underpayments. The court noted that the Crown's failure to increase annuities for nearly 150 years made a mockery of the treaty promise. The treaty is interpreted as a nation-to-nation agreement that must be guided by the honour of the Crown.[69]
  • September 2024: A gathering related to this treaty was scheduled for September 8-9, 2024, at Atikameksheng Anishnawbek.[70]
  • September 2024: The litigation regarding this treaty was the basis for Catherine Murton Stoehr receiving the 2021 Debwewin Citation.[71]
  • November 2024: The Bemaadizijig Ganoonindwaa—Talking to People Podcast featured an episode specifically about the annuities claim related to this treaty. The Go Forward Initiative is a project associated with the Robinson Huron Treaty.[72]
  • November 2024: The Near North District School Board is situated on this territory.[73]
  • December 2024: Linda Debassige urged the Ontario government to meet at negotiation tables with representatives from the Robinson Huron region. The Crown has a mandatory obligation to increase annuities for the treaty when economic circumstances warrant.[74]
  • February 2025: The Anishinabek Nation asserted that resource revenues from this territory belong to the collective rather than Ontario or Canada. The organization noted that it took over 150 years for the Crown to pay past compensation owed to the Anishinabek in this region.[75]
  • March 2025: This treaty is cited by the Anishinabek Nation as a living agreement that recognizes the rightful place of First Nations as land stewards. The Robinson Treaties include specific clauses for an annual payment from resource revenue derived in the territory.[76]
  • May 2025: The proposed Darien Aggregates Inc. quarry is located within the territory covered by this treaty. The Ten Thousand Turtles Nesting Trek will take place in this territory to promote the preservation of inherent ways of being. Land defenders argue that industrial decisions in this territory are being made without sufficient consultation with Anishinabek people.[77]
  • May 2025: A settlement regarding annuities for this treaty took 147 years to resolve. The Anishinabek Nation cited this treaty's history as an example of holding treaty partners accountable for their obligations.[78]
  • June 2025: Discussions regarding this treaty prompted Les Couchi to write a book to help youth understand the historical context of their community. Community debates about treaty payments highlighted a generational gap in understanding the hardships faced by ancestors.[79]
  • June 2025: The Ontario government sent a letter to First Nations within the Robinson Huron Treaty territory affirming the value of their treaty relationship. The provincial government acknowledged its obligations to the honour of the Crown regarding the Robinson Huron Treaty relationship in June 2025.[80]
  • July 2025: The Anishinabek Nation cited this treaty as a foundational agreement that must be respected during resource extraction activities.[81]
  • October 2025: The agreement protected rights to hunt, fish, trap, and gather while allowing for land sharing with settlers. A $12 billion settlement was negotiated three years prior to October 2025 to address past annuity payments. New negotiations are underway to determine a modern annual annuity to replace the original four-dollar payment.[82]
  • November 2025: The treaty has stood for 200 years and continues to be upheld by the Supreme Court of Canada. It is cited as a legal agreement reinforced by the Constitution of Canada.[83]
  • December 2025: The treaty territory served as the location for a major forum on Indigenous sovereignty in 2025. The spirit and intent of this 1850 agreement guide the work of Robinson Huron Waawiindamaagewin.[84]
  • March 2026: The treaty territory includes 21 First Nations whose youth are now represented by a new advisory council. The Robinson Huron Treaty Youth Advisory focuses on responsibilities to future generations grounded in this agreement.[85]
  • March 2026: The 21 First Nations of this treaty continue to exercise jurisdiction over their resources and future generations. The Nations view the continued use of herbicides by the province as an affront to the established treaty relationship.[86]
  • May 2026: This 1850 agreement affirms the inherent and constitutionally protected rights of Anishinaabe First Nations. The treaty predates Confederation and serves as the foundation for the relationship between the member nations and the Crown.[87]
  • August 2026: The 1850 agreement is the basis for the relationship between the Anishinaabek and the Crown in the Robinson Huron Treaty territory. A forum in August 2026 focused on treaty obligations and stewardship for environmental organizations operating in this territory.[88]
  • September 2026: The treaty territory is the site of a dispute regarding Métis land purchases and harvesting claims in 2026. Robinson Huron Waawiindamaagewin maintains that only the First Nation descendants of the 1850 signatories hold harvesting rights in this territory.[1]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Robinson Huron Waawiindamaagewin responds to Métis land purchase in the Robinson Huron Treaty territory", Anishinabek News, 5 September 2026 (archived copy; original article).
  2. ↑ "‘Treaties must be part of resource discussions’: Lake Huron Chief", Anishinabek News, 6 December 2013 (archived copy; original article).
  3. ↑ "Royal visit addresses language, education and treaties", Anishinabek News, 22 September 2014 (archived copy; original article).
  4. ↑ "Building his future with education and culture", Anishinabek News, 9 September 2016 (archived copy; original article).
  5. ↑ "Voters have chance to cast ballot at information session", Anishinabek News, 1 November 2016 (archived copy; original article).
  6. ↑ "Canada: ‘Conceived under the influence of alcohol!’", Anishinabek News, 9 June 2017 (archived copy; original article).
  7. ↑ "Anishinabek Nation helps kick off Treaties Recognition Week", Anishinabek News, 7 November 2017 (archived copy; original article).
  8. ↑ "Robinson Huron Treaty annuities case begins", Anishinabek News, 1 December 2017 (archived copy; original article).
  9. ↑ "Robinson Huron Treaty ‘escalator clause’ on trial", Anishinabek News, 5 December 2017 (archived copy; original article).
  10. ↑ "Live broadcasting allowed in landmark treaty case", Anishinabek News, 8 January 2018 (archived copy; original article).
  11. ↑ "Letter to the Editor: ‘Terminology: What we call ourselves matters’", Anishinabek News, 11 January 2018 (archived copy; original article).
  12. ↑ "Anishinabek talk about history to make plans for the future", Anishinabek News, 13 February 2018 (archived copy; original article).
  13. ↑ "Robinson Treaty Annuities Trial hears from Ministry of Northern Development and Mines", Anishinabek News, 16 February 2018 (archived copy; original article).
  14. ↑ "Consultation on aerial spraying STILL not working", Anishinabek News, 20 February 2018 (archived copy; original article).
  15. ↑ "Outdoor classroom setting ideal for learning nation-to-nation history for students and teachers", Anishinabek News, 11 May 2018 (archived copy; original article).
  16. ↑ "Final arguments to kick off in Robinson Huron Treaty Annuities Case", Anishinabek News, 31 May 2018 (archived copy; original article).
  17. ↑ "Sacred Fire vital during the Robinson Huron Treaty annuity case", Anishinabek News, 1 June 2018 (archived copy; original article).
  18. ↑ "‘It’s about the fish, the lake, and our environment’ says Nipissing First Nation Chief", Anishinabek News, 7 June 2018 (archived copy; original article).
  19. ↑ "Robinson Huron Treaty Annuity Day in Nipissing First Nation", Anishinabek News, 15 June 2018 (archived copy; original article).
  20. ↑ "Important testimony summarized in final days of Robinson Huron Treaty court case", Anishinabek News, 22 June 2018 (archived copy; original article).
  21. ↑ "‘Renewing our Relations’ is this year’s theme for the annual Robinson Huron Treaty gathering", Anishinabek News, 20 September 2018 (archived copy; original article).
  22. ↑ "Victory and loss in the Robinson Huron Treaty Trial", Anishinabek News, 30 October 2018 (archived copy; original article).
  23. ↑ "Trial verdict opens door to ‘highest form of reconciliation’ says Nipissing First Nation Chief", Anishinabek News, 28 December 2018 (archived copy; original article).
  24. ↑ "Nipissing University students share treaty knowledge with community", Anishinabek News, 15 February 2019 (archived copy; original article).
  25. ↑ "Historical Anishinaabe heroes revived during Treaty talk", Anishinabek News, 19 March 2019 (archived copy; original article).
  26. ↑ "‘…We’re not being heard,’ says Anishinabek Nation Grand Council Chief on recent provincial education cuts", Anishinabek News, 14 May 2019 (archived copy; original article).
  27. ↑ "An interview with Nipissing First Nation Chief Scott McLeod on the upcoming federal election", Anishinabek News, 21 October 2019 (archived copy; original article).
  28. ↑ "Robinson Huron and Superior Treaty Trial Enters Phase 2", Anishinabek News, 22 October 2019 (archived copy; original article).
  29. ↑ "A letter to teachers on treaty education", Anishinabek News, 24 October 2019 (archived copy; original article).
  30. ↑ "Partnerships form to repatriate cultural items", Anishinabek News, 5 February 2020 (archived copy; original article).
  31. ↑ "Robinson Huron Chiefs object to treaty territory infringement", Anishinabek News, 7 February 2020 (archived copy; original article).
  32. ↑ "Keeping them safe, bringing them home: Heritage and burials protocols and community involvement", Anishinabek News, 5 March 2020 (archived copy; original article).
  33. ↑ "Robinson Huron Treaty leaders and beneficiaries receive favourable judgement in annuities case", Anishinabek News, 28 June 2020 (archived copy; original article).
  34. ↑ "‘Time for the governments to reject colonialism and embrace the facts,’ says Chief Sayers", Anishinabek News, 2 July 2020 (archived copy; original article).
  35. ↑ "Robinson Huron Waawiindaamaagewin sign historic Protocol and Declaration", Anishinabek News, 9 September 2020 (archived copy; original article).
  36. ↑ "Joseph Arvay: Gaa-gnoodmawaat nenaakwiinjin – ‘He pleaded for those who are fighting back’", Anishinabek News, 16 December 2020 (archived copy; original article).
  37. ↑ "Open Letter from Batchewana First Nation to Premier Doug Ford", Anishinabek News, 16 March 2021 (archived copy; original article).
  38. ↑ "Ontario’s appeal of Justice Hennessy’s finding for the Anishinabek", Anishinabek News, 6 May 2021 (archived copy; original article).
  39. ↑ "Robinson Huron First Nation leadership calls on Canada to do better", Anishinabek News, 7 May 2021 (archived copy; original article).
  40. ↑ "Robinson Huron Treaty Litigation Fund lead counsel David C. Nahwegahbow receives Award of Justice", Anishinabek News, 17 May 2021 (archived copy; original article).
  41. ↑ "Canada and Dokis First Nation celebrate settlement of specific claim", Anishinabek News, 27 May 2021 (archived copy; original article).
  42. ↑ "Opinion: Ontario’s delay fuels anti-Anishinabek racism", Anishinabek News, 2 June 2021 (archived copy; original article).
  43. ↑ "Robinson Huron Treaty Anishinabek deliver petition to the office of the Governor General of Canada and the Lieutenant Governor for Ontario", Anishinabek News, 6 October 2021 (archived copy; original article).
  44. ↑ "Ontario blinks and negotiations begin in historic Robinson Huron Treaty trial", Anishinabek News, 20 April 2022 (archived copy; original article).
  45. ↑ "Robinson Huron Treaty leadership provide opportunity for reconciliation during the Royal Visit", Anishinabek News, 19 May 2022 (archived copy; original article).
  46. ↑ "Robinson Huron Treaty leadership calls on Ontario party leaders to commit to upholding Treaty responsibilities", Anishinabek News, 25 May 2022 (archived copy; original article).
  47. ↑ "Teachings at Canadore College for Moose Hide Campaign Day", Anishinabek News, 1 June 2022 (archived copy; original article).
  48. ↑ "Asserting jurisdiction as first Robinson Huron Treaty billboard unveiled", Anishinabek News, 4 July 2022 (archived copy; original article).
  49. ↑ "New Friendship Centre coming to Elliot Lake", Anishinabek News, 22 September 2022 (archived copy; original article).
  50. ↑ "Thessalon First Nation Bio-Centre to take on new services", Anishinabek News, 9 November 2022 (archived copy; original article).
  51. ↑ "Historic Robinson Huron Treaty meeting observes original Treaty protocols", Anishinabek News, 15 December 2022 (archived copy; original article).
  52. ↑ "Opinion: A letter to Anishanta", Anishinabek News, 23 December 2022 (archived copy; original article).
  53. ↑ "Canada, Ontario, and Robinson Huron Treaty Leadership Announce two-week mediation", Anishinabek News, 18 January 2023 (archived copy; original article).
  54. ↑ "Robinson Huron Chiefs gather for emergency meeting", Anishinabek News, 24 January 2023 (archived copy; original article).
  55. ↑ "Atikameksheng Anishnawbek, Sagamok Anishnawbek and Wahnapitae First Nation partner in historic, collaborative agreement with successful Canadian mining contractor", Anishinabek News, 4 April 2023 (archived copy; original article).
  56. ↑ "Robinson Huron Treaty Annuities case update", Anishinabek News, 20 April 2023 (archived copy; original article).
  57. ↑ "Robinson Huron Waawiindamaagewin Chiefs call upon Canada to immediately cease all action relating to the Métis Government Recognition and Self-Government Implementation Agreement", Anishinabek News, 11 May 2023 (archived copy; original article).
  58. ↑ "Grandmothers and elders oppose proposed quarry", Anishinabek News, 30 May 2023 (archived copy; original article).
  59. ↑ "Declaration of State of Emergency: Inequitable policing resources in Anishinabek Nation Territory", Anishinabek News, 8 June 2023 (archived copy; original article).
  60. ↑ "Robinson Huron Treaty Leadership, Ontario and Canada announce proposed settlement and next steps in Treaty annuities court case", Anishinabek News, 17 June 2023 (archived copy; original article).
  61. ↑ "Robinson Huron citizens offered long-overdue payment", Anishinabek News, 19 June 2023 (archived copy; original article).
  62. ↑ "Canada and Ontario to return $10 Billion to Robinson Huron Communities in proposed Settlement", Anishinabek News, 21 June 2023 (archived copy; original article).
  63. ↑ "SNC-Lavalin signs Co-Operation Agreement with Anishinabek-owned construction company to pursue Highway 69 widening project in Ontario", Anishinabek News, 11 August 2023 (archived copy; original article).
  64. ↑ "Robinson Huron Waawiidamaagewin gathering full of teachings, activities", Anishinabek News, 5 September 2023 (archived copy; original article).
  65. ↑ "Robinson Huron First Nations to argue that Ontario has a fiduciary duty to increase annuities to the Supreme Court of Canada", Anishinabek News, 6 November 2023 (archived copy; original article).
  66. ↑ "Robinson Huron First Nations disappointed with Ontario’s appeal of Robinson Huron Treaty annuities case", Anishinabek News, 7 November 2023 (archived copy; original article).
  67. ↑ "Biigtigong Nishnaabeg lawyer talks treaties during Treaties Recognition Week", Anishinabek News, 17 November 2023 (archived copy; original article).
  68. ↑ "Exploring Dokis First Nation’s repatriation project", Anishinabek News, 17 April 2024 (archived copy; original article).
  69. ↑ "Supreme Court of Canada declares Canada a ‘Historically dishonourable treaty partner’", Anishinabek News, 29 July 2024 (archived copy; original article).
  70. ↑ "Political Quarterly Update: Summer", Anishinabek News, 9 September 2024 (archived copy; original article).
  71. ↑ "Opinion: Is It time to review Métis Nation of Ontario Relationship Agreements?", Anishinabek News, 30 September 2024 (archived copy; original article).
  72. ↑ "Anishinabek Nation kicks off ninth annual Treaties Recognition Week", Anishinabek News, 4 November 2024 (archived copy; original article).
  73. ↑ "Near North District School Board first to offer virtual Indigenous language courses to students across Ontario", Anishinabek News, 23 November 2024 (archived copy; original article).
  74. ↑ "Anishinabek Nation advocates for great recognition and respect for minerals in ancestral and traditional territories", Anishinabek News, 20 December 2024 (archived copy; original article).
  75. ↑ "Anishinabek Nation congratulates Premier Doug Ford on securing third term", Anishinabek News, 28 February 2025 (archived copy; original article).
  76. ↑ "Statement from the Anishinabek Nation to all federal political parties and candidates", Anishinabek News, 26 March 2025 (archived copy; original article).
  77. ↑ "Kii-Ga-Do-Waak Nookimisuk hosts Spring Turtle Ceremony", Anishinabek News, 12 May 2025 (archived copy; original article).
  78. ↑ "Anishinabek Nation will be idle no more if Bill 5 passes in current form", Anishinabek News, 27 May 2025 (archived copy; original article).
  79. ↑ "Nipissing First Nation citizen publishes new book", Anishinabek News, 10 June 2025 (archived copy; original article).
  80. ↑ "Anishinabek Nation advocates for recognition and respect for minerals in ancestral and traditional territories with provincial government", Anishinabek News, 19 June 2025 (archived copy; original article).
  81. ↑ "Anishinabek Nation statement on the Building Canada Act and Government engagement: Honouring our Treaty and inherent rights and protecting our future", Anishinabek News, 18 July 2025 (archived copy; original article).
  82. ↑ "Robinson Huron Treaty of 1850 gathering marks 175th anniversary of the signing of the treaty", Anishinabek News, 10 October 2025 (archived copy; original article).
  83. ↑ "Novel take on Indigenous Studies with Sons of Tecumseh", Anishinabek News, 4 November 2025 (archived copy; original article).
  84. ↑ "Truth, evidence, and Anishinaabe law at the centre of landmark Robinson Huron Waawiindamaagewin forum", Anishinabek News, 17 December 2025 (archived copy; original article).
  85. ↑ "Robinson Huron Waawiindamaagewin launches first-ever Robinson Huron Treaty Youth Advisory", Anishinabek News, 4 March 2026 (archived copy; original article).
  86. ↑ "Robinson Huron Treaty Nations Public Notice: No Consent for Herbicide Spraying in Treaty Territory", Anishinabek News, 24 March 2026 (archived copy; original article).
  87. ↑ "Robinson Huron Treaty Nations issue public notice: Bill C-21 should not be used to advance similar claims in Ontario", Anishinabek News, 6 May 2026 (archived copy; original article).
  88. ↑ "Building Bridges: Anishinaabek and Land Trusts/Environmental NGOs Relationship Forum to foster dialogue and conservation partnerships", Anishinabek News, 13 August 2026 (archived copy; original article).
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